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Pig Latin is a language game or argot in which English words are altered, usually by adding a fabricated suffix or by moving the onset or initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word to the end of the word and adding a vocalicsyllable to create such a suffix. For example, 'Wikipedia' would become 'Ikipediaway' (the 'W' is moved from the beginning and has 'ay' appended to create a suffix). The objective is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules. The reference to Latin is a deliberate misnomer; Pig Latin is simply a form of argot or jargon unrelated to Latin, and the name is used for its English connotations as a strange and foreign-sounding language. It is most often used by young children as a fun way to confuse people unfamiliar with Pig Latin.^[1]

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Background[edit]

For words that begin with consonant sounds, all letters before the initial vowel are placed at the end of the word sequence. Then, 'ay' is added, as in the following examples:^[2][3]

• 'pig' = 'igpay'
• 'latin' = 'atinlay'
• 'banana' = 'ananabay'
• 'will' = 'illway'
• 'butler' = 'utlerbay'
• 'happy' = 'appyhay'
• 'duck' = 'uckday'
• 'me' = 'emay'
• 'bagel' = 'agelbay'

When words begin with consonant clusters (multiple consonants that form one sound), the whole sound is added to the end when speaking or writing.^[4]

• 'smile' = 'ilesmay'
• 'string' = 'ingstray'
• 'stupid' = 'upidstay'
• 'glove' = 'oveglay'
• 'trash' = 'ashtray'
• 'floor'= 'oorflay'
• 'store'= 'orestay'

For words that begin with vowel sounds, the vowel is left alone, and most commonly 'yay' is added to the end. But in different parts of the world, there are different 'dialects' of sorts. Some people may add 'way' or 'hay' or other endings. Examples are:

• 'eat' = 'eatyay' or 'eatay'
• 'omelet' = 'omeletyay' or 'omeletay'
• 'are' = 'areyay' or 'areay'
• 'egg' = 'eggyay' or 'eggay'
• 'explain' = 'explainyay'
• 'always' = 'alwaysyay' or 'alwaysay'
• 'ends' = 'endsyay' or 'endsay'
• 'honest' = 'honestyay'
• 'I'= 'Iyay'

An alternative convention for words beginning with vowel sounds, one removes the initial vowel(s) along with the first consonant or consonant cluster.^{[citation needed]} This usually only works for words with more than one syllable and offers a variant of the words in keeping with the mysterious, unrecognizable sounds of the converted words. Examples are:

• 'every' = 'eryevay'
• 'another' = 'otheranay'
• 'under' = 'erunday'
• 'island' = 'andislay'
• 'elegant' = 'egantelay'

Sentence structure remains the same as it would in English. Pronunciation of some words may be a little difficult for beginners, but people can easily understand Pig Latin with practice.

Origins and history[edit]

One of the oldest examples of Pig Latin was written by William Shakespeare, whose 1598 play, Love's Labour's Lost, includes a reference to dog Latin:^[5]

Costard: Go to; thou hast it ad dungill, at the fingers' ends, as they say.
Holofernes: O, I smell false Latine; dunghill for unguem.

The modern version of Pig Latin appears in a 1919 Columbia Records album containing what sounds like the modern variation, by a singer named Arthur Fields. The song, called Pig Latin Love, is followed by the subtitle 'I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day'.^[6]The Three Stooges used it on multiple occasions, most notably Tassels in the Air, a 1938 short where Moe Howard attempts to teach Curley Howard how to use it, thereby conveying the rules to the audience. In an earlier (1934) episode, Three Little Pigskins, Larry Fine attempts to impress a woman with his skill in Pig Latin, but it turns out that she knows it, too. No explanation of the rules is given. A few months prior in 1934, in the Our Gangshort filmWashee Ironee, Spanky tries to speak to an Asian boy by using Pig Latin.^[7]Ginger Rogers sang a verse of 'We're in the Money' in pig Latin in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number in the film Gold Diggers of 1933, (Trippy Ginger Rogers Pig Latin. YouTube). The film, the third highest grossing of that year, was inducted into the National Film Registry and that song included in the all-time top 100 movie songs by the American Film Institute. Merle Travis ends his song 'When My Baby Double Talks To Me' with the phrase, 'What a aybybay', where the last word is Pig Latin for 'baby'.

Two Pig Latin words that have entered into mainstream American English are 'ixnay' or 'icksnay', the Pig Latin version of 'nix' (itself a borrowing of Germannichts^[8]), which is used as a general negative; and 'amscray', Pig Latin for 'scram', meaning 'go away' or 'get out of here'.^{[9][10][11][12]}

In other languages[edit]

French has the loucherbem (or louchébem, or largonji^[13]) coded language, which supposedly was originally used by butchers (boucher in French).^[14] In loucherbem, the leading consonant cluster is moved to the end of the word (as in Pig Latin) and replaced by an L, and then a suffix is added at the end of the word (-oche, -em, -oque, etc., depending on the word). Example: combien (how much) = lombienquès. Similar coded languages are verlan and langue de feu (see fr:Javanais (argot)). A few louchébem words have become usual French words: fou (crazy) = loufoque, portefeuille (wallet) = larfeuille, en douce (on the quiet) = en loucedé. Also similar is the widely used French argot verlan, in which the syllables of words are transposed. Verlan is a French slang that is quite similar to English pig Latin. It is spoken by separating a word into syllables and reversing the syllables.

Verlan was first documented as being used as far back as the 19th century. Back in the 19th century it was spoken as code by criminals in effort to conceal illicit activities within conversations around other people, even the police. Currently, Verlan has been increasingly used in areas just outside major cities mainly populated by migrant workers. This language has served as a language bridge between many of these migrant workers from multiple countries and origins and has been so widely and readily used that it has spread into advertising, film scripts, French rap and hip-hop music, media, in some French dictionaries and in some cases, words that have been Verlanned have actually replaced their original words. The new uses of Verlan and how it has become incorporated into the French culture has all happened within just a few decades.^[15]

Here is an example of some French words that have been Verlanned and their English meaning:^[16]

Some verlan words have gone though a second round of such transformation. For instance reubeu is verlan for beur, which itself is verlan for Arabe.

In popular culture[edit]

Besides the uses noted above in American comedy films, Pig Latin can also be heard in the Hollywood film, The Slums of Beverly Hills, accompanied by subtitles.

Pig Latin is also briefly heard in Stranger Things Season Three.

Notes[edit]

1. ^'What exactly is Pig Latin, is it a language? And how is it a mystery? - Everything After Z by Dictionary.com'. Everything After Z by Dictionary.com. 2010-10-05. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
2. ^'Useful phrases in Pig Latin (IgpaAtinlay)'. www.omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
3. ^Barlow, Jessica A. (2001-09-01). 'Individual differences in the production of initial consonant sequences in Pig Latin'. Lingua. 111 (9): 667–696. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(00)00043-7. ISSN0024-3841.
4. ^'How to Speak Pig Latin'. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07.
5. ^'What's the origin of pig Latin?'. The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
6. ^I Always Wondered:Where did Pig Latin come from?Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
   The consensus seems to be that the version of Pig Latin we know today, was born sometime in the 20th century. In 1919 Columbia records released an album with Arthur Fields singing “Pig Latin Love”. The Subtitle “I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day” indicates that this is the modern form of Pig Latin we recognize today. I was able to scrounge up a photograph of the 1919 sheet music on eBay. Below the Pig Latin subtitle is the translation, “(I love you dearie)”, suggesting that perhaps this form of Pig Latin hadn’t taken root among the general public yet.
7. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-03-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. ^Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.
9. ^Blake, Barry J. (2010). Secret Language: Codes, Tricks, Spies, Thieves, and Symbols. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780191614712.
10. ^Miller, D. Gary (2014). English Lexicogenesis. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780199689880.
11. ^Hendrickson, Robert (1998). QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Facts on File. amscray ixnay pig latin.
12. ^McGraw-Hill Education 3 MCAT Practice Tests, Third Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. 2017. ISBN9781259859632.
13. ^'LARGONJI : Définition de LARGONJI'. Cnrtl.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
14. ^Françoise Robert l'Argenton. 'Larlépem largomuche du louchébem. Parler l'argot du boucher' (in French). Parlures argotiques. pp. 113–125. Archived from the original on 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
15. ^Stille, Alexander (2002-08-17). 'Backward runs French. Reels the mind. Verlan, a kind of code among immigrants, both confuses and intrigues'. The New York Times.
16. ^Davis, J.J. (Autumn 2004). 'Autumn, 2004, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p7, 2 p'. Verbatim. 29: 7.

References[edit]

• Barlow, Jessica. 2001. 'Individual differences in the production of initial consonant sequences in Pig Latin.' Lingua 111:667-696.
• Cowan, Nelson. 1989. 'Acquisition of Pig Latin: A Case Study.' Journal of Child Language 16.2:365-386.
• Day, R. 1973. 'On learning 'secret languages.' Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research 34:141-150.
• Haycock, Arthur. 'Pig Latin.' American Speech 8:3.81.
• McCarthy, John. 1991. 'Reduplicative Infixation in Secret Languages' [L'Infixation reduplicative dans les langages secrets]. Langages 25.101:11-29.
• Vaux, Bert and Andrew Nevins. 2003. 'Underdetermination in language games: Survey and analysis of Pig Latin dialects.' Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Atlanta.

External links[edit]

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• The dictionary definition of :Category:English Pig Latin terms at Wiktionary

Crazy Eights Rules

These are the rules I use for Crazy Eights. They're slightly different from the basic rules shown in the Wikipedia article, but this is how I originally learned it when I was a child (under the name Olsen Olsen).

1. The purpose of the game is to get rid of all your cards.
2. You can play any card of the same suit as the one at the top of the pile. Example: There's a club at the top of the pile, you can play any club.
3. You can play any card of the same rank as the one at the top of the pile. Example: There's a six of clubs at the top of the pile, you can play any other six.
4. You can play two or more cards of the same rank at the same time, but the first one of them must be the same suit or rank as the pile. Example: There's a club on the pile. You can play the 5 of clubs, the 5 of hearts and the 5 of diamonds all at the same time. Do this by selecting the cards (right click or Ctrl+click) on them in the order you want to play them. Once you've selected them, left click on any of them to play all the selected cards at once. If you are playing on an iPad or another tablet you can click a card and hold the finger on it for a second, then it will be selected. Select the ones you want to play together, and then tap on one of them to play them all together.
5. If you have no card that you can play you can draw up to 3 cards from the deck. You can't draw if you have any cards that you can play in your hand. If you've drawn 3 cards and still can't play you must pass and the next player plays.
6. You can always play an eight, and then you can change the suit to whatever you want. The game will prompt you for the suit after you click the eight.
7. If the first card on the table is an eight when you start, then you are allowed to put down any card from your hand.

About Crazy Eights

This online version of the classic card game Crazy Eights was made by me. My name is Einar Egilsson and over there on the left is my current Facebook profile picture! Crazy Eights was one of the first card games I ever learned (under the name Olsen Olsen) and it's also one of the first card games I taught my 5 year old son. After I finished my other online card game, Idiot (a.k.a. Shithead), I wanted to make another card game and Crazy Eights seemed like the obvious choice, especially since I wanted to make a game my son could play by himself.

Game Pigeon Crazy 8

The game is made using html+JavaScript+css with jQuery used for the animations. All the graphics used for the game I found at OpenClipArt, a great site with free graphics. The excellent playing card images were made by Nicu Buculei, and the player images were made by Gerald G.

Any comments, questions, ideas for other games or anything else can be sent to admin@cardgames.io.

Game Pigeon Crazy 8 Rules Card Game

This is version 2819 of Crazy Eights.

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